Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia

Nicholas II (May 18, 1868–July 17, 1918) was the last czar of Russia. He ascended to the throne following the death of his father in 1894. Woefully unprepared for such a role, Nicholas II has been characterized as a naà ¯ve and incompetent leader. At a time of enormous social and political change in his country, Nicholas held fast to outdated, autocratic policies and opposed reform of any kind. His inept handling of military matters and insensitivity to the needs of his people helped to fuel the 1917 Russian Revolution. Forced to abdicate in 1917, Nicholas went into exile with his wife and five children. After living more than a year under house arrest, the entire family was brutally executed in July 1918 by Bolshevik soldiers. Nicholas II was the last of the Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled Russia for 300 years. Fast Facts: Czar Nicholas II Known For: Last Czar of Russia; executed during the Russian revolutionBorn: May 18, 1868 in Tsarskoye Selo, RussiaParents: Alexander III and Marie FeodorovnaDied: July 17, 1918 in Ekaterinburg, RussiaEducation: TutoredSpouse: Princess Alix of Hesse (Empress Alexandra Feodorovna)Children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and AlexeiNotable Quote: â€Å"I am not yet ready to be Tsar. I know nothing of the business of ruling.† Early Life Nicholas II, born in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg, Russia, was the first child of Alexander III and Marie Feodorovna (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). Between 1869 and 1882, the royal couple had three more sons and two daughters. The second child, a boy, died in infancy. Nicholas and his siblings were closely related to other European royalty, including first cousins George V (future king of England) and Wilhelm II, the last Kaiser (Emperor) of Germany. In 1881, Nicholas’ father, Alexander III, became czar (emperor) of Russia after his father, Alexander II, was killed by an assassins bomb. Nicholas, at age 12, witnessed his grandfathers death when the czar, horribly maimed, was carried back to the palace. Upon his fathers ascension to the throne, Nicholas became the Tsarevich (heir-apparent to the throne). Despite being raised in a palace, Nicholas and his siblings grew up in a strict, austere environment and enjoyed few luxuries. Alexander III lived simply, dressing as a peasant while at home and making his own coffee each morning. The children slept on cots and washed in cold water. Overall, however, Nicholas experienced a happy upbringing in the Romanov household. The Young Tsarevich Educated by several tutors, Nicholas studied languages, history, and the sciences, as well as horsemanship, shooting, and even dancing. What he was not schooled in, unfortunately for Russia, was how to function as a monarch. Czar Alexander III, healthy and robust at 6-foot-4, planned to rule for decades. He assumed there would be plenty of time to instruct Nicholas in how to run the empire. At the age of 19, Nicholas joined an exclusive regiment of the Russian Army and also served in the horse artillery. The Tsarevich didnt participate in any serious military activities; these commissions were more akin to a finishing school for the upper class. Nicholas enjoyed his carefree lifestyle, taking advantage of the freedom to attend parties and balls with few responsibilities to weigh him down. Prompted by his parents, Nicholas embarked upon a royal grand tour, accompanied by his brother George. Departing Russia in 1890 and traveling by steamship and train, they visited the Middle East, India, China, and Japan. While visiting Japan, Nicholas survived an assassination attempt in 1891 when a Japanese man lunged at him, swinging a sword at his head. The attackers motive was never determined. Although Nicholas suffered only a minor head wound, his concerned father ordered Nicholas home immediately. Betrothal to Alix and the Death of the Czar Nicholas first met Princess Alix of Hesse (daughter of a German Duke and Queen Victorias second daughter Alice) in 1884 at the wedding of his uncle to Alixs sister Elizabeth. Nicholas was 16 and Alix 12. They met again on several occasions over the years, and Nicholas was adequately impressed to write in his diary that he dreamed of one day marrying Alix. When Nicholas was in his mid-20s and expected to seek a suitable wife from the nobility, he ended his relationship with a Russian ballerina and began to pursue Alix. Nicholas proposed to Alix in April 1894, but she didnt immediately accept. A devout Lutheran, Alix was hesitant at first because marriage to a future czar meant that she must convert to the Russian Orthodox religion. After a day of contemplation and discussion with family members, she agreed to marry Nicholas. The couple soon became quite smitten with one another and looked forward to getting married the following year. Theirs would be a marriage of genuine love. Unfortunately, things changed drastically for the happy couple within months of their engagement. In September 1894, Czar Alexander became gravely ill with nephritis (an inflammation of the kidney). Despite a steady stream of doctors and priests who visited him, the czar died on November 1, 1894, at the age of 49. Twenty-six-year-old Nicholas reeled from both the grief of losing his father and the tremendous responsibility now placed upon his shoulders. Czar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Nicholas, as the new czar, struggled to keep up with his duties, which began with planning his fathers funeral. Inexperienced in planning such a grand-scale event, Nicholas received criticism on many fronts for the numerous details that were left undone. On November 26, 1894, just 25 days after Czar Alexander’s death, the period of mourning was interrupted for a day so that Nicholas and Alix could marry. Princess Alix of Hesse, newly converted to Russian Orthodoxy, became Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The couple returned immediately to the palace after the ceremony as a wedding reception was deemed inappropriate during the mourning period. The royal couple moved into the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo just outside of St. Petersburg and within a few months learned they were expecting their first child. (Daughter Olga was born in November 1895. She was followed by three more daughters: Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia. The long-anticipated male heir, Alexei, was finally born in 1904.) In May 1896, a year and a half after Czar Alexander died, Czar Nicholas’ long-awaited, lavish coronation ceremony finally took place. Unfortunately, a horrific incident occurred during one of the many public celebrations held in Nicholas’ honor. A stampede on the Khodynka Field in Moscow resulted in more than 1,400 deaths. Incredibly, Nicholas did not cancel the ensuing coronation balls and parties. The Russian people were appalled at Nicholas handling of the incident, which made it appear that he cared little about his people. By any account, Nicholas II had not begun his reign on a favorable note. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Nicholas, like many past and future Russian leaders, wanted to expand his country’s territory. Looking to the Far East, Nicholas saw potential in Port Arthur, a strategic warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean in southern Manchuria (northeastern China). By 1903, Russia’s occupation of Port Arthur angered the Japanese, who had themselves recently been pressured to relinquish the area. When Russia built its Trans-Siberian Railroad through part of Manchuria, the Japanese were further provoked. Twice, Japan sent diplomats to Russia to negotiate the dispute; however, each time, they were sent home without being granted an audience with the czar, who viewed them with contempt. By February 1904, the Japanese had run out of patience. A Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack on Russian warships at Port Arthur, sinking two of the ships and blockading the harbor. Well-prepared Japanese troops also swarmed the Russian infantry at various points on land. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, the Russians suffered one humiliating defeat after another, both on land and sea. Nicholas, who had never thought the Japanese would start a war, was forced to surrender to Japan in September 1905. Nicholas II became the first czar to lose a war to an Asian nation. An estimated 80,000 Russian soldiers lost their lives in a war that had revealed the czars utter ineptitude at diplomacy and military affairs. Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905 By the winter of 1904, dissatisfaction among the working class in Russia had escalated to the point that numerous strikes were staged in St. Petersburg. Workers, who had hoped for a better future living in cities, instead faced long hours, poor wages, and inadequate housing. Many families went hungry on a regular basis, and housing shortages were so severe that some laborers slept in shifts, sharing a bed with several others. On January 22, 1905, tens of thousands of workers came together for a peaceful march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Organized by radical priest Georgy Gapon, protesters were forbidden to bring weapons; instead, they carried religious icons and pictures of the royal family. Participants also brought with them a petition to present to the czar, stating their list of grievances and seeking his help. Although the czar was not at the palace to receive the petition (he had been advised to stay away), thousands of soldiers awaited the crowd. Having been informed incorrectly that the protesters were there to harm the czar and destroy the palace, the soldiers fired into the mob, killing and wounding hundreds. The czar himself did not order the shootings, but he was held responsible. The unprovoked massacre, called Bloody Sunday, became the catalyst for further strikes and uprisings against the government, called the 1905 Russian Revolution. After a massive general strike had brought much of Russia to a halt in October 1905, Nicholas was finally forced to respond to the protests. On October 30, 1905, the czar reluctantly issued the October Manifesto, which created a constitutional monarchy and an elected legislature, known as the Duma. Ever the autocrat, Nicholas made sure the powers of the Duma remained limited—nearly half of the budget was exempted from their approval, and they were not allowed to participate in foreign policy decisions. The czar also retained full veto power. The creation of the Duma appeased the Russian people in the short run, but Nicholas’ further blunders hardened his people’s hearts against him. Alexandra and Rasputin The royal family rejoiced at the birth of a male heir in 1904. Young Alexei seemed healthy at birth, but within a week, as the infant bled uncontrollably from his navel, it was clear that something was seriously wrong. Doctors diagnosed him with hemophilia, an incurable, inherited disease in which the blood will not clot properly. Even a seemingly minor injury could cause the young Tsesarevich  to bleed to death. His horrified parents kept the diagnosis a secret from all but the most immediate family. Empress Alexandra, fiercely protective of her son—and his secret—isolated herself from the outside world. Desperate to find help for her son, she sought the help of various medical quacks and holy men. One such holy man, self-proclaimed faith healer Grigori Rasputin, first met the royal couple in 1905 and became a close, trusted advisor to the empress. Although rough in manner and unkempt in appearance, Rasputin gained the Empress trust with his uncanny ability to stop Alexeis bleeding during even the severest of episodes, merely by sitting and praying with him. Gradually, Rasputin became the empress closest confidante, able to exert influence upon her regarding affairs of state. Alexandra, in turn, influenced her husband on matters of great importance based upon Rasputins advice. The Empress relationship with Rasputin was baffling to outsiders, who had no idea that the Tsarevich  was ill. World War I and the Murder of Rasputin The June 1914  assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in Sarajevo set off a chain of events that culminated in  World War I. The fact that the assassin was a Serbian national led Austria to declare war on Serbia. Nicholas, with the backing of France, felt compelled to protect Serbia, a fellow Slavic nation. His mobilization of the Russian army in August 1914 helped to propel the conflict into a full-scale war, drawing Germany into the fray as an ally of Austria-Hungary. In 1915, Nicholas made the calamitous decision to take personal command of the Russian army. Under the czars poor military leadership, the ill-prepared Russian army was no match for the German infantry. While Nicholas was away at war, he deputized his wife to oversee affairs of the empire. To the Russian people, however, this was a terrible decision. They viewed the empress as untrustworthy since she had come from Germany, Russia’s enemy in  World War I.  Adding to their mistrust, the Empress relied heavily on the despised Rasputin to help her make policy decisions. Many government officials and family members saw the disastrous effect Rasputin was having on Alexandra and the country and believed he must be removed. Unfortunately, both Alexandra and Nicholas ignored their pleas to dismiss Rasputin. With their grievances unheard, a group of angry conservatives soon took matters into their hands. In a murder scenario that has become legendary, several members of the aristocracy—including a prince, an army officer, and a cousin of Nicholas—succeeded, with some difficulty, in  killing Rasputin  in December 1916. Rasputin survived poisoning and multiple gunshot wounds, then finally succumbed after being bound and thrown into a river. The killers were quickly  identified but were not punished. Many looked upon them as heroes. Unfortunately, the murder of Rasputin was not enough to stem the tide of discontent. The End of a Dynasty The people of Russia had become increasingly angry with the governments indifference to their suffering. Wages had plummeted, inflation had risen, public services had all but ceased, and millions were being killed in a war they didn’t want. In March 1917, 200,000 protesters converged in the capital city of Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) to protest the czars policies. Nicholas ordered the army to subdue the crowd. By this point, however, most of the soldiers were sympathetic to the protesters demands and thus just fired shots into the air or joined the ranks of the protesters. There were still a few commanders loyal to the czar who forced their soldiers to shoot into the crowd, killing several people. Not to be deterred, the protesters gained control of the city within days, during what came to be known as the February/March  1917 Russian Revolution. With Petrograd in the hands of revolutionaries, Nicholas had no choice but to abdicate the throne. Believing that he could somehow still save the dynasty, Nicholas II signed the abdication statement on March 15, 1917, making his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail, the new czar. The grand duke wisely declined the title, bringing the 304-year-old Romanov dynasty to an end. The provisional government allowed the royal family to stay in the palace at Tsarskoye Selo under guard while officials debated their fate. Exile of the Romanovs When the provisional government became increasingly threatened by the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1917, worried government officials decided to secretly move Nicholas and his family to safety in western Siberia. However, when the provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (led by  Vladimir Lenin) during the October/November 1917 Russian Revolution, Nicholas and his family came under the control  of the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks relocated the Romanovs to  Ekaterinburg  in the Ural Mountains in April 1918, ostensibly to await a public trial. Many opposed the Bolsheviks being in power; thus, a civil war erupted between the Communist Reds and their opponents, the anti-Communist Whites. These two groups fought for control of the country, as well as for custody of the Romanovs. When the White Army began to gain ground in its battle with the Bolsheviks and headed toward  Ekaterinburg  to rescue the imperial family, the Bolsheviks made sure that rescue would never take place. Death Nicholas, his wife, and his five children were all awakened at 2 a.m. on July 17,  1918, and told to prepare for departure. They were gathered into a small room, where  Bolshevik soldiers fired upon them. Nicholas and his wife were killed outright, but the others were not so fortunate. Soldiers used bayonets to carry out the remainder of the executions. The corpses were buried at two separate sites and were burned and covered with acid to prevent them from being identified. In 1991, the remains of nine bodies were excavated at  Ekaterinburg. Subsequent DNA testing confirmed them to be those of Nicholas, Alexandra, three of their daughters, and four of their servants. The second grave, containing the remains of Alexei and his sister Marie, was not discovered until 2007. The Romanov familys remains were reburied at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, the traditional burial place of the Romanovs. Legacy It might be said that the Russian Revolution and the events that followed were, in a sense, the legacy of Nicholas II—a leader who was unable to respond to changing times by considering the needs of his people. Over the years, research into the final fate of the Romanov family has revealed a mystery: while the bodies of the Czar, Czarina, and several children were found, two bodies—those of the Alexei, heir to the throne, and Grand Duchess Anastasia—were missing. This suggests that perhaps, somehow, two of the Romanov children actually survived. Sources Figes, Orlando. From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russias Chaotic Year of Revolution. October 25, 2017. â€Å"Historic Figures: Nicholas II (1868-1918).† BBC News.ï » ¿Keep, John L.H. â€Å"Nicholas II.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 28 Jan. 2019.

Gender Inequality To What Extent Does It Still Exist Today

Gender Inequality: To What Extent Does it Still Exist Today? Throughout history, womens roles in society have been different than those of mens. Women’s jobs were generally connected to their traditional roles of caring for the home, raising children, making clothes, and cooking food, while men were the breadwinners in the families. Women had been brought up to become mothers (as well as nurturers) while men were brought up to become entrepreneurs and businessmen. It was not until the 1950s that women began to protest and fight for equal rights. Since then, many have claimed that the disparities between women and men have drastically decreased, almost to the point that it is minimalistic. However, in todays society, although we would†¦show more content†¦George merely responds by saying, You look pretty darn nice (Hemingway 695). She does not try to argue about it, further implying that she feels inferior, and that George has control over her. 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Cultural Analysis For Business in Country- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCultural Analysis For Business in Country. Answer: Culture can be defined as the set of learned behaviors as well as beliefs that mainly characterizes a group of people or a society. Anthropologists mainly divide culture in three different levels like the international culture, national culture as well as subculture. However, another sublevel of culture has high significance in every corporate and professional business environment. This is called the corporate culture (Jiang, Gollan and Brooks 2017). This is mainly seen to refer to the different beliefs as well as behaviors that participate in determining the procedures about how employees and management interact in the office environment and handle outside business transactions. Researchers are of the opinion that corporate culture gradually develops organically over time from the variety of the cumulative traits of the people hired by the company (Kwek and Lee 2015). This assignment will help to show how Mary (the individual in the case study) will utilize the Hofstede analysis and will learn about the corporate culture of Chinese firms so that she can conduct effective business. In order to conduct effective business, Mary, who is acquainted with the Australian culture of business and management, needs to develop cultural knowledge about the different attributes of corporate culture in China. She needs to take the help of Hofstede theory by which she can develop good amount of knowledge of the culture of business in Mr. Laus organization and engage into effective partnership. The first important component that an individual should first focus is the power distance. This can be defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of the institutions and organizations within a particular nation expect as well as accept the fact that power is distributed unequally. Australia has a very low score of power distance like 36 which signifies that the leaders of Australian organizations encourage development of hierarchy for convenience where the seniors are always accessible and approachable. Managers have huge dependency on the subordinates and both the stakeholders engage in transparent conversations where information is shared and consulted frequently and actively (Manrai et al. 2018). Here, communication is found to be direct, participative as well as informal. China, in this attribute score about 80 where the society believes that inequalities are acceptable in people and subordinates do not aspire beyond their rank. The relationship between the leaders and followers are polarized and subordinates are influenced by formal authority and are accepting of the fact (Hong et al. 2018). While working with the new people in the Chinese organization, she should be respectable of the relationships shared by the seniors and juniors regarding power distance and should not try to be over friendly or too informal with staffs. This may not be liked by the organization. She should maintain a power distance with the subordinates so that the workers do not suffer from cultural shock and get confused or perceive her in negative ways. The second important fact is individualism. This dimension mainly explains the degree of interdependence that a society is observed to maintain among the members. In societies which are individualist, the professionals are mainly seen to be looking after their own self or their families. However, in the collectivist society, people are seen to be belonging to group systems where individuals take care of each other in exchange of loyalty. Australians are found to be quite high in this attribute scoring a total around 90. In this corporate culture, employees are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative. Hiring is entirely based on merit and evidence about how one performs or the qualities he has. However, the score of china in this attribute is quite low for about 20 where people act for the interest of the groups (Alexander, Thompson and Murray 2017). Relationships are seen to be cooperative for the in-groups but they display hostile behavior with the out groups. Personal re lationships are given importance over task as well as company (Armstrong et al. 2017). For example, while Mary will be conducting the cross-cultural business, she should try to understand the culture, promote, and respect group working providing importance and sharing information with the whole, group rather than taking an individualistic approach. The next attribute is the masculinity attribute. This attribute mainly refers to the focus developed by the corporate culture that mainly tends to motivate people in two ways wanting to be the winner and develop as the best called the masculinity and liking what the employees do that is called the feminine trait. On the level of masculinity attribute, a high level of score is seen to indicate an interesting feature. This states that society is driven by the achievement, competition as well as success. Here the term success mainly means being the best or the winner in the field. A low score on this attribute means high on femininity where the main dominant and guiding values of the society is quite different. This is seen to involve caring for the others and maintaining a high quality life (Hung and Rundle-Thile 2014). Australia is seen to score 60 on Masculinity that states that they are proud of their success and achievements in life. China is also seen to have a value of 66 that s tates that Chinese corporate culture is also driven by success where they are even ready to sacrifice their family and leisure. Therefore, this attribute should be kept in mind and therefore, Mary would develop a working culture that should be competitive and gives scopes to the workers to show their skills. Another important attribute is called the uncertainty avoidance which mainly describes the extent to which members of any organization or a culture can be exposed to the feeling of being threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and thereby beliefs on institutions which try to avoid this (Choudhary, Kumar and Phillip 2016). The nation of Australia scores a moderate rank of about 51 which provides them a scope to prepare themselves for future uncertainties but may not be very well adapted and through about the procedures for uncertainty avoidance. The score of the Chinese nation is quite low for about 30. They are quite comfortable with ambiguity and there adherence to laws and rules unlike the westerners are quite flexible to suit with the actual situation and pragmatism. Another important aspect of this analysis is the long-term orientation. This dimension mainly helps to describe how each and every society are successful in maintaining some links with their own past so that they can properly deal with the challenges of the present and even the future. Researchers are of the opinion that corporate societies that tend to score low in this attribute mainly prefer the maintenance of the time-honored traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion (Sharma et al. 2017). Those who score high on this attribute are mainly seen to take a more pragmatic approach where they encourage different types of thrifts as well as efforts in the modern education to reflect a way of preparing oneself for the future. People of the Australian origin are more normative in thinking procedures as the nation scores 21 in this attribute. They tend to be exhibiting strong respect and support for traditions and shows small propensity for saving for the future (Vo gel et al. 2015). They focus on achieving quick results. On the other hand, china is seen to score about 87 in this attribute that makes it evident that the nation is a believer of pragmatic orientation where people are shown to adapt to the traditions easily to changed situations. They can adopt quite easily and are believers of saving and investment, thriftiness and shows perseverance in achievements of the results (Mar et al. 2015). Therefore, Mary should not focus on traditions much, should provide them scope to adapt themselves with the situations, and should not force them to achieve results, as they believe in perseverance for providing the best outcomes. The next attribute is called the indulgence. This attribute mainly describes the extent to which people are seen to try their best for controlling the desires as well as the impulses depending upon which the individuals were raised. Usually, the strong control is called indulgence and strong control is called restraints. Australia is seen to have a high score for about 71 and is therefore seen to be indulgent is nature. They are generally seen to be exhibiting a willingness to realize the various types of impulses as well as desires in regards with that of enjoying lives and having fun (Lo et al. 2017). They are seen to display a very positive attitude as well as also having a tendency towards optimism. They are also seen to provide much importance on leisure activities and thereby act as they please and spend money as they wish. On the other hand, china is seen to score for about 24 that show that they are not much aligned to leisure activities. They are more restrained where they f eel that are bound by social norms and feels that indulging them in other co curricular activities would be wrong. They are also seen to control gratification of their desires (Wang et al. 2017). Therefore, when Mary would be deciding the working styles or would be coming into partnership with this organization she should be not considering any activities for leisure or would not need to consider about engaging them in any activities for leisure. The Chinese people are more restrained. They may not like this gesture shown by Mary. From the above discussion, Mary can successfully develop ideas about the differences and variations of the corporate culture she needs to consider when coming into partnership or in any cross-cultural business deals with the Chinese organization of Mr.Lau. She should consider the six important attributes like power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence, masculinity, individualism and long-term orientation between the two nations. These would help her in ensuring cultural sensitivity while interacting with the people from other culture and would put away situations of cultural shock. This would ensure success of her business plans. References: Alexander, R., Thompson, N. and Murray, D., 2017. Towards cultural translation of websites: a large-scale study of Australian, Chinese, and Saudi Arabian design preferences.Behaviour Information Technology,36(4), pp.351-363. Armstrong, A.F., Francis, R.D. and Grow, H.S., 2017. Ethical issues in the employment of expatriate leaders in corporations.Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, p.95. Choudhary, N., Kumar, R. and Philip, P.J., 2016. 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