Functional Department Participation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Useful Department Participation Plan - Essay Example Inside the Information Technology industry, the business administration plan is of most extreme essentialness. This is on the grounds that the business administration plan sets the establishment stone for various improvements inside the domains of the business and surely the association over the long haul. There is a lot of discovering that can picked up from the business administration plan for the association which on occasion is hard to gauge. Be that as it may, for straightforwardness it is consistently attractive to help how this business administration plan will be executed no matter how you look at it and what its consequences are with respect to the office consolidations (Kay, 1995). The diverse useful offices that may assume a significant job inside the drafting of the business administration plan will incorporate the HR the executives office, the lawful division, the fund office, the showcasing and promoting office and the administrative job of the Board of Directors inside an association. This paper will pinpoint the specific premise of the business administration plan and how it is executed no matter how you look at it under the utilitarian divisions, the jobs of the significant offices and the implanted connection with the Information Technology concerns. It is required that the Information Technology areas assume a significant job inside the chalking up of the business administration plan so the achievement focuses could undoubtedly be comprehended and the shortcomings inside the applicable domains are additionally featured upon finally. These hazy situations would be dealt with for future ramifications that may emerge at a later stage. The business administration plan is an intricate arrangement that mulls over probably the most huge pointers related with maintaining a business in aggregate. Anyway what is imperative to note is the way that this business administration plan would not have the option to meet achievement if the individuals in the s hifted branches of the association are reluctant to carry out their responsibilities appropriately (Blair, 1996). The various offices inside any association are reliant on the business administration plan fundamentally to draw out the worth and quality for the association over the long haul. Anyway these are significant understandings that should be reached upon on the grounds that these show the premise to stay one stride ahead concerning the serious organizations and at long last, make progress for the associations that are being talked about. The business administration plan involves of a rundown of significant endeavors that the business system has set up. The administration instruments are featured, which connotes the degree to which a business can continue to, and accordingly locate its most genuine premise over the long haul. What is required currently is a dream to go over the top and achieve the end destinations of the business administration plan so accomplishment for the association is achieved with no preventions. The business administration plan is consistently an exhaustive arrangement which records down the pointers that will achieve the qualities which are encased inside a business domain. It deals with the examples which would basically enable the business to develop in general and that too over the long haul. Inside the HR the executives branch of an Information Technology industry, the centrality of the business administration plan is to such an extent that the division has a nearby contact with the top administration areas. This assists shape with increasing the assignments and exercises of the office more than everything else. It additionally makes the errands simpler for the individuals who mean business inside the association. The HR the board office is surely the window for the workers to connect with the association and consequently the division should make it a point to converse with them as and when required. Rather a proactive metho dology towards each other is critical on the grounds that they will typify the premise of inevitable achievement that the association has.

International business(fail in emerging economies) Essay - 1

Worldwide business(fail in developing economies) - Essay Example This is on the grounds that globalization of business sectors, as Czinkota, et al (2010) says, has additionally prompted the globalization of business chance. There can be a bunch of explanations behind these divestments however there has not been any point by point research to explore the fundamental factors that influence the divestment. The most nonexclusive meanings of divestment is where a business enthusiastically auctions a portion of its benefits because of a suspension of part of it tasks (Nees, 1978). Divestments can in this manner happen locally or in a circumstance where a firm requires stripping from a one of its abroad branch (Davis, 1974, p. 16). There are some nonexclusive reasons why a firm may select to strip. These incorporate raising assets, need to concentrate on center business, specialization, resource solidification and purifying (evacuating useless pieces of the firm) and so on (Hamilton and Chow, 1993, p.479). The present pattern to strip from worldwide markets may demonstrate that none of these might be included and in this way there is a need to examine the genuine elements behind global divestments from developing markets. Wal-Mart is one of the most established and best retail chains in the US. The firm runs many stores in America and over various different nations over the world (Wall Mart, 2013). Wal-Mart was one of the main retail binds to utilize data innovation to help in addressing customers’ needs and furthermore in expanding productivity. To accomplish this, the firm uses very good quality PC servers and framework that make information sharing simple and productive. The firm can make some genuine memories information sharing utilizing a wide zone arrange that interfaces every one of its stores. With this sort of sharing of information the firm can expand proficiency and accordingly make client care better (Wall Mart, 2013). For example, information gathered at the retail location units in each Wal-Mart parody is sent to a PC progressively. This information is utilized in overseeing stock and furthermore in making a difference

McAfee Spyware Blocker Essay Example for Free

McAfee Spyware Blocker Essay McAfee, an Intel organization, has been an industry head for antivirus programming to ensure PCs for a long time. The organization has extended its administrations from ensuring PCs to securing cell perusing also, the product can be utilized on the iPhone, and Android telephones. Item McAfee is presenting another line of programming structured explicitly for Android and iPhone gadgets to square undesirable spying from applications downloaded on the cell phones. McAfee Spyware Blocker will target applications intended to gather individual and private data. The applications on the clients telephone that are focused on are; photographs, email, perusing history, camera, contacts, passwords, and all data posted in referenced applications. Statement of purpose McAfee Spyware Blocker for the iPhone and Android follows a similar strategic the items for its PC programming. Our crucial the McAfee Spyware Blocker application is to ensure each client’s character and individual data while utilizing their cell phone with a progressed imaginative programming program intended to secure all data on the cell phone. The McAfee Spyware Blocker will channel all developments on cell phones and caution the client with undesirable following, or spying from engineers of utilizations. This likewise incorporates outsider applications, for example, the well known Facebook, Pinterest, Yelp, Instagram, and other internet based life destinations who expect access to the clients data. Client Need As the first of its sort, McAfee Spyware Blocker, has separate itself from other spyware blockers. The product gives security on cell phones, and from undesirable sharing of data while downloading applications. The product makes a different profile dependent on client inclinations, which hinder all genuine data of the client. It at that point powers applications to utilize bogus data, made by the client, to run applications that expect access to individual data. Customers of McAfee are ensured by the historical backdrop of the organization, and its demonstrated achievement and development of its different items, which set the organization apart from the present rivalry. The organization is in consistent advancement of its items to improve, develop, and meet the fast changing needs of innovation and customers. McAfee follows patterns and see’s the requirement for a propelled spyware blocker for the portable market. The division has created, what it feels, is a propelled, predominant item for its present customer base, and has built up an arrangement to accomplish another market of clients. Vision Model The vision of the McAfee Spyware Blocker is to make the best portable spyware blocker in the market. The organization began with the iPhone and Android showcases first, however will include the iPad, iPod, tablet, and in the long run every single remote gadget. Remote gadgets might permit applications to be hacked and checked for individual and private data. With the developing business sector of individual versatile and remote gadgets, McAfee will ceaselessly develop and propel the present programming innovation. The advances created will give moves up to current customers and new programming for new gadgets and stages. The interest for security insurance in today’s speedy moving and developing innovation showcase says a lot for the requirement for new propelled programming for the developing network of versatile and remote gadgets. The choice to make the McAfee Spyware Blocker division and be a pioneer in the market was a simple choice, and one that will develop the organization toward the ever-growing innovation development. Plan of action Since the commencement of McAfee items, the developing advancement of new innovation has achieved an appeal and requirement for assurance of client’s data. The need to shield customers has developed from PCs to portable and remote gadgets and has our customers requesting further developed insurance while utilizing a variety of gadgets Versatile perusing on an Android or iPhone gadget, permits spies to get to individual data. As of late, breeches have caused an expansion of fraud legitimately identified with cell phones. The data put away, or applications utilized while on the gadget are probably going to give a specialist programmer to increase significant individual data. To fulfill the customer requirement for insurance, McAfee built up the spyware blocker division. The worth made to offer propelled security while working the Android or iPhone gadgets, is unmatched to some other spyware assurance claims. No other spyware created by contending organizations has furnished the client with supreme certainty of assurance while utilizing their cell phone. The product is a progression of our present items, and the premise of the spyware is equivalent to in our different items. Since we have added to a current item, the item, arranging, advancement, and imaginative expenses were insignificant in pertinence to the general item advertised. The organization will keep on creating items that are on the bleeding edge of what is going to come later on. By using the present programming stages, coding, scripting, and language, we can make progresses rapidly and savvy. McAfee Spyware Blocker will proceed to develop and create as the market develops, and innovation advances to incorporate new items, McAfee, Inc. (2014). Vision, Mission, Value The past dispatch of the McAfee Expanded Data Security, Application Security, and Ease of Administration in 2012, shielded clients from program attacks. The applications, be that as it may, didn't prevent organizations from utilizing data from a customers telephone, McAfee, Inc. (2014). The past dispatch of cell phone assurance, permitted McAfee to move toward cutting edge versatile and remote insurance, by the improvement of the McAfee Spyware Blocker. The organization keeps on moving toward innovation improvement and headways and the need to make programming to ensure customers utilizing various stages, and from the creatorsâ of applications that expect access to individual data. The vision and mission of McAfee have consistently been to ensure and furnish its customers with the most developed programming assurance from spies and programmers. The choice to make another line of barrier against cutting edge programmers and spies originated from the need to ensure against unlawful protection breeches. The estimation of the item could be depicted as important past any dollar. To sell the item, the expense to create, and the market estimation of the item portrays the expense of the item to be $59.99, which will incorporate any subsequent updates, McAfee, Inc. (2014). Vision, Mission, Value Summary The vision of McAfee Spyware Blocker is that every customer will have a sense of safety and trust that their data is secured on their Android or iPhone gadgets, and later on, different remote and cell phones. The fate of McAfee Spyware Blocker, concurring the investigation of the statistical surveying, shows that the product will keep on developing with request of its customers and innovation. The mission of McAfee Spyware Blocker is to be the best in the market, to out sell, out create and surpass the opposition. The capacity to assemble and develop a current item to give customers the most ideal item has permitted McAfee to be a pioneer in spyware blocking programming. The work of exceptionally educated employee’s of McAfee items gives client’s trust in getting help with the item Representatives will have crucial information on the item and how the item functions. Having broad information the clients stage (Android/iPhone) won't just offer certainty to the pioneers of the McAfee Spyware Blocker, yet additionally the end clients of the product. Assurance of individual data is precious. Everybody, including the pioneers at McAfee, need insurance from burglary of data. The McAfee Spyware Blocker gives all clients precisely that, security. The expressed valueâ of $59.99 for the item does exclude the estimation of assurance, that is the extra reward of the product. Standards and qualities The standards and estimations of the McAfee Spyware Blocker division follow similar rules of the organization, McAfee, Inc. (2014). Recorded underneath are the five standards of McAfee: 1.Conduct business with trustworthiness and respectability 2.Follow the letter and actual purpose of the law 3.Treat each other decently 4.Act to the greatest advantage of McAfee Spyware Blocker and maintain a strategic distance from irreconcilable circumstances 5.Protect the company’s resources and notoriety, McAfee, Inc. (2014). The company’s business esteems in the division of McAfee Spyware Blocker follow straightforwardly in accordance with McAfee, Inc. They are recorded as: 1.Expertise †We have a profound authority of advanced security, and we never quit assembling and improving our mastery. 2.Partnership †We have a genuine feeling of cooperation and association across McAfee capacities and with channel accomplices and clients, creating community arrangements that offer substantial advantages. 3.Integrity †We’re in the matter of shielding information from the deceitful, performing to the best expectations of morals and duty. 4.Results †We have complete objectives with authoritative results, continually making progress toward better and never losing center. 5.Courage †Being constantly prepared is a prerequisite for brave initiative over our business. We’re never threatened by the venturesome difficulties we face each day, McAfee, Inc. (2014). The division of McAfee Spyware Blocker vows to be imaginative with respect to new innovation produced for Android, iPhone, remote gadgets, and different gadgets as they develop and change. The spyware blocker programming will proceed to progress and develop as the noxious strategies for deceitful people and organizations grow better approaches to spy. References McAfee, Inc. (2014). McAfe

The ethical issues surrounding the complexity of transnational economy - Free Essay Example

Executive Summary The ethical issues surrounding the complexity of transnational economy has given rise to the urgent need for garment retailers to set policies that draw on business practice reflecting ethical standards. The debate behind these ethical issues stems from poor conditions that follow the profit pursuit by international commodity chains in the apparel industry. Also, the pursuit for a competitive edge motivate retailers to demand garment supplies through unethical methods such as forcing workers to work excessive hours and produce quickly without ruining the quality of garments. In the process workers forfeit their breaks and are denied overtime pay. Consequently, British clothing retailers are required to adopt a structure that involves cooperating with other firms, trade unions and human rights groups; encouraging employee organising and involvement; minimise the impact of price on wages and working conditions across the supply chain and making an ethical guideline to ensuring that all workers are paid a living wage. Although majority of the garments are produced in India, Bangladesh and China, this report will focus mainly on China because of its strength in human resources and technology as well as potential as regards labour and natural resources. Also this report will differentiate between minimum wage and living wage, highlight issues with wages along the supply chain, and identify competitors that have committed to living wage. In addition the report describes the nature of clothing industry in China, justifies the business case for decent w orking condition and points out barriers to introducing change and operating HR practices and policies. Introduction: Managing human resources is a key factor in determining the success or failure of a business. From a global viewpoint, Multi-National Companies strive to compete to exploit opportunities that globalization offers. This quest for success has paved way for the recognition and importance of effectively managing human resources (Scullion 1995). However, the pursuance of diverse interests of employees (Kelloway et al 2004) of Multi-National Companies (MNC) and the impact of poor HR practices and policies on their productivity, morale and well-being also contribute to failure in business. (Tayeb 2005) In view of this, some theorists (Maslow 1943; Marx 1988; Smith 2003) argue that an employees interest which lies in the ability to afford the basic necessities of life is determined by the wage earned and so wage is a primary means of survival. Given that wage is based on labour and work determines the framework to life, fulfilment and identity of an employee; it is important that wage u nderlines the value and dignity of work by providing a sufficient remuneration for carrying it out. In that way it creates a rationale to how employees make distinctions between their worth and themselves since the level of their confidence and financial security depicts the value of they earn. Living wage vs. Minimum wage Employers are ethically obliged to pay a fair wage whenever possible (Figart 2001). However, whether an employer is legally required to pay wages at least slightly above the basic subsistence level, it doesnt automatically mean that it is sufficient to provide a decent living for the employee as Figart (2001) argues. Waltman (2000) refers to the former as minimum wage and the latter as living wage. Therefore it can be argued that since a minimum wage is enforced by law in which the government is inclined to balancing the needs of workers as well as the interests of employers then a voluntarily paid living wage is more beneficial than the minimum wage. The level of living wage is calculated using calculation approach or negotiated approach (Waltman 2000) and is based on the expenditure that is required for a decent standard of living as measured by the criteria of the society in which the employee lives (Waltman 2004). Issues with wages along the supply chain In the supply chain payment of wages to employees is given less priority because employers focus more low production cost or on deducting administration and raw materials costs and as such employees are paid partial wages or denied wages for months. What is more is that they disrespect minimum wage legislation, discriminate against migrant workers and neglect social contributions by paying informal employees in an informal way (Whitehead 2010). Presently, campaign movements like Labour behind the Label (LBL), Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) defend garment workers efforts worldwide to improve their working conditions and they liaise with trade unions, consumer organisations, campaign groups, and charities to achieve their objective. Commitment to living wage LBL campaign reports that British clothing retailers like Burberry, Arcadia group, Aurora fashions, Primark, Gap, Next, Monsoon Accessorize and New look, Marks and Spencer (Johnstone 2010) are making commitments to a living wage project. For example, Burberry demonstrates commitment to paying living wage by stating living wages are paid in section 5.2.5 of its Ethical Trading policy claiming that implementing an ethical sourcing strategy helps it achieve its business objectives. Although many of these high profile British brands in the Clothing industry openly acknowledge the need to increase the poverty wages paid to garment workers in their commodity chain, they tend to concentrate more on workers productivity rather than on rewards. Indeed the situation of wage behind the UK High street is disturbing as garment workers labour excessive hours in pitiable working conditions to provide to produce garments worth over  £36 billion a year for high profile British Clothing retaile rs (LBL report 2009). In spite of this, these workers wages are too low to afford them the basic necessities of life. Having pointed out how some British clothing retailers have committed to paying a living wage, following is a brief description of the nature of clothing business in one of our supply base, China. Nature of clothing industry in China The clothing industry in China is a typical buyer-driven chain that is highly intensive in labour.  [1]  The workforce is made up of women where majority are migrants (Chan 2004). It is a typical factory norm to work beyond the legal limit  [2]  that is approved by the Chinese labour law  [3]  (Chan 2005). HR Issues (China Supply Chain) Low wage and piece-rate payment system  [4] Tight labour control,  [5]  exploitation,  [6]  physical and sexual abuses, discrimination, health and safety neglect. Workers are deprived the right to freedom of association and are persecuted for protesting or striking against unfair employment practices. Chinese internal migration regulations subject migrant workers to the economic bondage and exploitation  [7]  . This shows that Chinese garment workers sweat high profits for British clothing brands at the detriment of their dignity, health and above all lives. PEST Analysis: Kotler (1998) argues that a PEST analysis (Luffman et al 1996) is a necessary technique to appreciate the potential and operations of a business. Political Environment: Governments trade restrictions, labour laws and policies (freedom of association). Economic Environment: Price of commodity, labour market (living wage), demand, customer behaviour, taxation on trade and workers. Social Environment: Fast fashion, employment conditions Technological Environment: Machineries, computers and tools used in the production, packaging and distribution units. The business case for decent working condition The awareness of poor working conditions in the garment industry calls for employers to apply ethical reasoning to business practices as well as play ethical roles in managing people. Just as Bohlander, Snell Sherman (2001) argue that people play important roles in developing the competitive advantage of a business, a business case should be considered in order to improve general employment conditions operating within production units owned by suppliers. The rationale for this case is that if garment workers continue to work under inhumane working conditions, this could affect the business in the following ways: Living wage Smith (1776) argued that an employee who performs manual or industrial labour is more active and efficient when wages are high. Meanwhile, motivation theorists (Maslow 1954, Herzberg 1959, Alderfer 1972 cited in Hume 1995) link remuneration to motivation and Steel-Johnson et al (2000) relate motivation to ability and productivity. Therefore, unfair pay le ads to less motivation, reduced productivity and decreased efficiency. Consequently, the company suffers high employee turn-over and since theres a shortage of skilled labour  [8]  in the supply base (China), recruiting more workers and retaining existing workers will be an unnecessary cost to put up with as research indicates  [9]  . For instance, Barclays bank has benefited from paying a living wage  [10]  . On the contrary, an economic critique argues that living wage contributes to unemployment, inflation and business failure (ibid). However, the unavailability of evidence (ibid) marks this argument unreliable. To this end, it can be argued that until there is a concrete proof that paying living wage produces adverse outcomes, there is nothing wrong with paying workers wages that meet the cost of their basic needs and standard of living. Branding, Business reputation and Customer relationship: Researchers have linked branding to high profits (Gobe 2001), differ entiation, enhanced customer loyalty and satisfaction (Hollensen 2003) and competitive advantage (Martin and Beaumont 2003).Therefore, a business is at the risk of losing customers and investors if the press and other interested groups like ILO, NGOs, ethical shoppers  [11]  and campaign movements such as CCC, LBL find out about its poor employment conditions. The impact of this tainting exposure may affect the relationship it has with consumers. For instance, Marks and Spencers (MS) faced a high profile embarrassment in December 2010 for exploiting its workers in the garment industry  [12]  . Therefore retaining an unethical trading system will weaken customer relationship as well as tarnish the image and reputation of the business thus diminishing its opportunity for a competitive edge. Statutory standards and Ethical Code compliance: Moreover the risk of losing business and tainting corporate image is high if its suppliers do not adhere to the legal standards concer ning wages, health and safety, work hours and child labour plus ethically apply codes of labour practice set by for instance the LBLs Ethical Trading Initiative Code (ETI). More so, if a company decides to take business somewhere else it contributes to unemployment and unsavoury outcomes; it is like adding insult to injury. For example, in year 2000, GAP suffered from such predicament  [13]  but made amends by ensuring its suppliers complied with ethical codes and legal standards. Health, safety and work environment Furthermore if workers produce in a hazardous work environment, it can affect the quality of work (garments will be badly sewn or soiled with dirt), disrupt their work pattern which will prolong production and supply time likewise the health and safety of workers. Of course the outcome is cost incentive (high staff turnover and low product turnover). Management of migrant workers Additionally, migrant workers dominate the supply chain and the attraction f or recruiting migrant workers lie in their satisfactory work ethics. However, suppliers tend to indirectly recruit and employ migrant workers and this leads to high possibilities of abuse and increased costs. Also migrant workers are not provided with sufficient training, effective dispute resolution and are not protected under laws at national level. As such, Pfeffer (1998) argues that managing people effectively can significantly enhance economic performance. Therefore, managing people ineffectively can increase turnover, absenteeism, reduce productivity as well as tarnish corporate image and attract unnecessary media cost. Buying practices So far the issue of paying a living wage and improving working conditions have been raised. Similarly, purchasing patterns such as changing orders at the eleventh hour, shortening lead times and insisting on low prices from suppliers leads to unnecessary overtime and payment of low wage  [14]  . And so by adopting an ethical pattern t o procurement, the business prevents substandard produce, delayed supply, extra cost and short-term supplier relationship. What is more is the reputational risk that follows with purchasing practices that violate human rights. Of course a sustainable retail company needs a long-term relationship with an ethical supplier. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Embracing a CSR strategy towards improving employment conditions requires the moral obligation of a business towards others who are affected by the organisations actions (Sims 2003). Sinzig (2010) argues that CSR is the voluntary engagement of a company to undertake ethical practices in labour and employment by enhancing the workplace of all employees by going beyond existing regulatory standards and meeting stakeholders claims. In a nutshell, Zadek (2007) argues that the pursuit of CSR strategy provides the organisation with at least the following specific business and HR benefits; Improved customer loyalty Improved employee productivity, satisfaction, commitment, retention and recruitment practice Less legal issues and reduced conflict Higher profits and lower capital costs Access to capital Risk management Increased organisational performance Superior brand name Innovation and Learning Barriers to introducing change: There are obstacles that work against introducing change. They are listed below as follows: Living wage: Academics (Briscoe and Schuler, 2004) argue that paying a living wage results to unemployment, inflation, business close down, immigration pitfall and work shortage yet economist argue that it increases purchasing power and enhances productivity (Sidney and Webb 1897). Similarly, Waltman (2004) argues that there are no evidences to prove the reality of adverse outcomes claimed by anti-living wage supporters and Arkin (2011) concurs by asserting that the added value from higher pay is proportionally greater than the cost of the increase. Nevertheless an obstacle here is computing a fair profit rate taking into account the company bears cost in organising production, selling finished products, ensuring continuity and capital risk. In addition, because paying a living wage is not bound by law, suppliers would argue that the government increases the statutory minimum wage in p reference to committing to paying a non-statutory living wage. It could then be argued that minimum wage should represent a floor while living wage should represent ethical practice standard but bearing in mind that minimum wages differ according to countries Britain is  £5.93 per hour (ONS 2010) and China is 800.0 RMB per month ( £75.3) (TRAVAIL legal databases 2009) -, it becomes problematic tackling the following questions; Since living wage in London is  £7.85, will it be ethical to pay workers in China the same? How realistic is this? Compliance and monitoring: Another barrier to introducing change is the issue of compliance. Regarding suppliers complying with ethical standards, retailers adopt a cookie-cutter method in bringing in change because it saves them the time to supervise. Unfortunately this doesnt help in China because suppliers tend to falsify documents, train workers to lie or bribe auditors  [15]  in order to sustain good relationship with reta ilers. Therefore audit results become unreliable to work with. Likewise when a supply base is used by several brands, it tends to be shady about its work practices when undergoing an audit from an external firm. Barriers to operative HR policy and practice: Convergence and Divergence: Brewster et al (2002) point out that the effectiveness of global HRM depends on the ability to judge the extent to which an organisation should implement similar practices across the globe (Converge) or adapt them to suit local conditions (Diverge). Therefore reaching a balance between laws, practices or policies to be implemented (International or local) and which will achieve better outcomes tend to frustrate the operationalization of HR policies and practices. Environmental factors: Gerhart and Fang (2005) argue that there are discrepancies in centrality of markets, institutions, regulations, collective bargaining and labour-force characteristics between global environments and the influence of these issues create problems in managing people. For example, the ban on freedom of association in China by the government is seen as infringing on civil rights in a British and international setting. Therefore implementing policies and practices like employee involvement and collective bargaining over wages can be difficult to guarantee because of persecution workers receive from the Chinese government. Recruitment and cost: The need to allocate to senior management the responsibility of implementing this ethical trade action plan in the supply base requires intensive training. On the other hand, the size of the supply factory will entail recruiting and financing more human resources to execute the project. And so, this could delay operations. Also it is expensive to hire audit specialist considering the size of the supply base and economy. Besides, recruiting and training an internal workforce to on skills that will prepare them to strictly inspect and report labour practices will attract a higher financial plan. What is more is the issue of measuring expatriates operations since performance standards differ across borders. Recommendation and Conclusion A living wage should underline the value and dignity of work as well as be sufficient to afford basic needs. The benefit of setting up a policy that guides the conduct of the business as well as its workers varies from legal protection to better consumer and public relationship. Therefore, it is important that the retail company considers its current business practices and provide its suppliers with improved working settings through incorporating ethical trading practices. This can be done by employing a systematic plan of action that embraces commitment in integrating ethical trading, monitoring and supervising development effectively as well as training employees within the organisation and its supply base. It is clear that retaining a low road competitive strategy rather than a high road approach to competitiveness can hinder profit and also violate human rights. Therefore to ethically apply a cost minimization strategy, retailers should improve on technology used in the p roduction unit. Replacing manual processes with automated operations and increasing the flexibility of machines will speed up the production cycle and reduce lead time, cost of labour and production. This innovation will control purchasing practice, overtime and maximise profits which will be needed to pay worker a living wage.

Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia

Nicholas II (May 18, 1868–July 17, 1918) was the last czar of Russia. He ascended to the throne following the death of his father in 1894. Woefully unprepared for such a role, Nicholas II has been characterized as a naà ¯ve and incompetent leader. At a time of enormous social and political change in his country, Nicholas held fast to outdated, autocratic policies and opposed reform of any kind. His inept handling of military matters and insensitivity to the needs of his people helped to fuel the 1917 Russian Revolution. Forced to abdicate in 1917, Nicholas went into exile with his wife and five children. After living more than a year under house arrest, the entire family was brutally executed in July 1918 by Bolshevik soldiers. Nicholas II was the last of the Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled Russia for 300 years. Fast Facts: Czar Nicholas II Known For: Last Czar of Russia; executed during the Russian revolutionBorn: May 18, 1868 in Tsarskoye Selo, RussiaParents: Alexander III and Marie FeodorovnaDied: July 17, 1918 in Ekaterinburg, RussiaEducation: TutoredSpouse: Princess Alix of Hesse (Empress Alexandra Feodorovna)Children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and AlexeiNotable Quote: â€Å"I am not yet ready to be Tsar. I know nothing of the business of ruling.† Early Life Nicholas II, born in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg, Russia, was the first child of Alexander III and Marie Feodorovna (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). Between 1869 and 1882, the royal couple had three more sons and two daughters. The second child, a boy, died in infancy. Nicholas and his siblings were closely related to other European royalty, including first cousins George V (future king of England) and Wilhelm II, the last Kaiser (Emperor) of Germany. In 1881, Nicholas’ father, Alexander III, became czar (emperor) of Russia after his father, Alexander II, was killed by an assassins bomb. Nicholas, at age 12, witnessed his grandfathers death when the czar, horribly maimed, was carried back to the palace. Upon his fathers ascension to the throne, Nicholas became the Tsarevich (heir-apparent to the throne). Despite being raised in a palace, Nicholas and his siblings grew up in a strict, austere environment and enjoyed few luxuries. Alexander III lived simply, dressing as a peasant while at home and making his own coffee each morning. The children slept on cots and washed in cold water. Overall, however, Nicholas experienced a happy upbringing in the Romanov household. The Young Tsarevich Educated by several tutors, Nicholas studied languages, history, and the sciences, as well as horsemanship, shooting, and even dancing. What he was not schooled in, unfortunately for Russia, was how to function as a monarch. Czar Alexander III, healthy and robust at 6-foot-4, planned to rule for decades. He assumed there would be plenty of time to instruct Nicholas in how to run the empire. At the age of 19, Nicholas joined an exclusive regiment of the Russian Army and also served in the horse artillery. The Tsarevich didnt participate in any serious military activities; these commissions were more akin to a finishing school for the upper class. Nicholas enjoyed his carefree lifestyle, taking advantage of the freedom to attend parties and balls with few responsibilities to weigh him down. Prompted by his parents, Nicholas embarked upon a royal grand tour, accompanied by his brother George. Departing Russia in 1890 and traveling by steamship and train, they visited the Middle East, India, China, and Japan. While visiting Japan, Nicholas survived an assassination attempt in 1891 when a Japanese man lunged at him, swinging a sword at his head. The attackers motive was never determined. Although Nicholas suffered only a minor head wound, his concerned father ordered Nicholas home immediately. Betrothal to Alix and the Death of the Czar Nicholas first met Princess Alix of Hesse (daughter of a German Duke and Queen Victorias second daughter Alice) in 1884 at the wedding of his uncle to Alixs sister Elizabeth. Nicholas was 16 and Alix 12. They met again on several occasions over the years, and Nicholas was adequately impressed to write in his diary that he dreamed of one day marrying Alix. When Nicholas was in his mid-20s and expected to seek a suitable wife from the nobility, he ended his relationship with a Russian ballerina and began to pursue Alix. Nicholas proposed to Alix in April 1894, but she didnt immediately accept. A devout Lutheran, Alix was hesitant at first because marriage to a future czar meant that she must convert to the Russian Orthodox religion. After a day of contemplation and discussion with family members, she agreed to marry Nicholas. The couple soon became quite smitten with one another and looked forward to getting married the following year. Theirs would be a marriage of genuine love. Unfortunately, things changed drastically for the happy couple within months of their engagement. In September 1894, Czar Alexander became gravely ill with nephritis (an inflammation of the kidney). Despite a steady stream of doctors and priests who visited him, the czar died on November 1, 1894, at the age of 49. Twenty-six-year-old Nicholas reeled from both the grief of losing his father and the tremendous responsibility now placed upon his shoulders. Czar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Nicholas, as the new czar, struggled to keep up with his duties, which began with planning his fathers funeral. Inexperienced in planning such a grand-scale event, Nicholas received criticism on many fronts for the numerous details that were left undone. On November 26, 1894, just 25 days after Czar Alexander’s death, the period of mourning was interrupted for a day so that Nicholas and Alix could marry. Princess Alix of Hesse, newly converted to Russian Orthodoxy, became Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The couple returned immediately to the palace after the ceremony as a wedding reception was deemed inappropriate during the mourning period. The royal couple moved into the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo just outside of St. Petersburg and within a few months learned they were expecting their first child. (Daughter Olga was born in November 1895. She was followed by three more daughters: Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia. The long-anticipated male heir, Alexei, was finally born in 1904.) In May 1896, a year and a half after Czar Alexander died, Czar Nicholas’ long-awaited, lavish coronation ceremony finally took place. Unfortunately, a horrific incident occurred during one of the many public celebrations held in Nicholas’ honor. A stampede on the Khodynka Field in Moscow resulted in more than 1,400 deaths. Incredibly, Nicholas did not cancel the ensuing coronation balls and parties. The Russian people were appalled at Nicholas handling of the incident, which made it appear that he cared little about his people. By any account, Nicholas II had not begun his reign on a favorable note. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Nicholas, like many past and future Russian leaders, wanted to expand his country’s territory. Looking to the Far East, Nicholas saw potential in Port Arthur, a strategic warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean in southern Manchuria (northeastern China). By 1903, Russia’s occupation of Port Arthur angered the Japanese, who had themselves recently been pressured to relinquish the area. When Russia built its Trans-Siberian Railroad through part of Manchuria, the Japanese were further provoked. Twice, Japan sent diplomats to Russia to negotiate the dispute; however, each time, they were sent home without being granted an audience with the czar, who viewed them with contempt. By February 1904, the Japanese had run out of patience. A Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack on Russian warships at Port Arthur, sinking two of the ships and blockading the harbor. Well-prepared Japanese troops also swarmed the Russian infantry at various points on land. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, the Russians suffered one humiliating defeat after another, both on land and sea. Nicholas, who had never thought the Japanese would start a war, was forced to surrender to Japan in September 1905. Nicholas II became the first czar to lose a war to an Asian nation. An estimated 80,000 Russian soldiers lost their lives in a war that had revealed the czars utter ineptitude at diplomacy and military affairs. Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905 By the winter of 1904, dissatisfaction among the working class in Russia had escalated to the point that numerous strikes were staged in St. Petersburg. Workers, who had hoped for a better future living in cities, instead faced long hours, poor wages, and inadequate housing. Many families went hungry on a regular basis, and housing shortages were so severe that some laborers slept in shifts, sharing a bed with several others. On January 22, 1905, tens of thousands of workers came together for a peaceful march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Organized by radical priest Georgy Gapon, protesters were forbidden to bring weapons; instead, they carried religious icons and pictures of the royal family. Participants also brought with them a petition to present to the czar, stating their list of grievances and seeking his help. Although the czar was not at the palace to receive the petition (he had been advised to stay away), thousands of soldiers awaited the crowd. Having been informed incorrectly that the protesters were there to harm the czar and destroy the palace, the soldiers fired into the mob, killing and wounding hundreds. The czar himself did not order the shootings, but he was held responsible. The unprovoked massacre, called Bloody Sunday, became the catalyst for further strikes and uprisings against the government, called the 1905 Russian Revolution. After a massive general strike had brought much of Russia to a halt in October 1905, Nicholas was finally forced to respond to the protests. On October 30, 1905, the czar reluctantly issued the October Manifesto, which created a constitutional monarchy and an elected legislature, known as the Duma. Ever the autocrat, Nicholas made sure the powers of the Duma remained limited—nearly half of the budget was exempted from their approval, and they were not allowed to participate in foreign policy decisions. The czar also retained full veto power. The creation of the Duma appeased the Russian people in the short run, but Nicholas’ further blunders hardened his people’s hearts against him. Alexandra and Rasputin The royal family rejoiced at the birth of a male heir in 1904. Young Alexei seemed healthy at birth, but within a week, as the infant bled uncontrollably from his navel, it was clear that something was seriously wrong. Doctors diagnosed him with hemophilia, an incurable, inherited disease in which the blood will not clot properly. Even a seemingly minor injury could cause the young Tsesarevich  to bleed to death. His horrified parents kept the diagnosis a secret from all but the most immediate family. Empress Alexandra, fiercely protective of her son—and his secret—isolated herself from the outside world. Desperate to find help for her son, she sought the help of various medical quacks and holy men. One such holy man, self-proclaimed faith healer Grigori Rasputin, first met the royal couple in 1905 and became a close, trusted advisor to the empress. Although rough in manner and unkempt in appearance, Rasputin gained the Empress trust with his uncanny ability to stop Alexeis bleeding during even the severest of episodes, merely by sitting and praying with him. Gradually, Rasputin became the empress closest confidante, able to exert influence upon her regarding affairs of state. Alexandra, in turn, influenced her husband on matters of great importance based upon Rasputins advice. The Empress relationship with Rasputin was baffling to outsiders, who had no idea that the Tsarevich  was ill. World War I and the Murder of Rasputin The June 1914  assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in Sarajevo set off a chain of events that culminated in  World War I. The fact that the assassin was a Serbian national led Austria to declare war on Serbia. Nicholas, with the backing of France, felt compelled to protect Serbia, a fellow Slavic nation. His mobilization of the Russian army in August 1914 helped to propel the conflict into a full-scale war, drawing Germany into the fray as an ally of Austria-Hungary. In 1915, Nicholas made the calamitous decision to take personal command of the Russian army. Under the czars poor military leadership, the ill-prepared Russian army was no match for the German infantry. While Nicholas was away at war, he deputized his wife to oversee affairs of the empire. To the Russian people, however, this was a terrible decision. They viewed the empress as untrustworthy since she had come from Germany, Russia’s enemy in  World War I.  Adding to their mistrust, the Empress relied heavily on the despised Rasputin to help her make policy decisions. Many government officials and family members saw the disastrous effect Rasputin was having on Alexandra and the country and believed he must be removed. Unfortunately, both Alexandra and Nicholas ignored their pleas to dismiss Rasputin. With their grievances unheard, a group of angry conservatives soon took matters into their hands. In a murder scenario that has become legendary, several members of the aristocracy—including a prince, an army officer, and a cousin of Nicholas—succeeded, with some difficulty, in  killing Rasputin  in December 1916. Rasputin survived poisoning and multiple gunshot wounds, then finally succumbed after being bound and thrown into a river. The killers were quickly  identified but were not punished. Many looked upon them as heroes. Unfortunately, the murder of Rasputin was not enough to stem the tide of discontent. The End of a Dynasty The people of Russia had become increasingly angry with the governments indifference to their suffering. Wages had plummeted, inflation had risen, public services had all but ceased, and millions were being killed in a war they didn’t want. In March 1917, 200,000 protesters converged in the capital city of Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) to protest the czars policies. Nicholas ordered the army to subdue the crowd. By this point, however, most of the soldiers were sympathetic to the protesters demands and thus just fired shots into the air or joined the ranks of the protesters. There were still a few commanders loyal to the czar who forced their soldiers to shoot into the crowd, killing several people. Not to be deterred, the protesters gained control of the city within days, during what came to be known as the February/March  1917 Russian Revolution. With Petrograd in the hands of revolutionaries, Nicholas had no choice but to abdicate the throne. Believing that he could somehow still save the dynasty, Nicholas II signed the abdication statement on March 15, 1917, making his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail, the new czar. The grand duke wisely declined the title, bringing the 304-year-old Romanov dynasty to an end. The provisional government allowed the royal family to stay in the palace at Tsarskoye Selo under guard while officials debated their fate. Exile of the Romanovs When the provisional government became increasingly threatened by the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1917, worried government officials decided to secretly move Nicholas and his family to safety in western Siberia. However, when the provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (led by  Vladimir Lenin) during the October/November 1917 Russian Revolution, Nicholas and his family came under the control  of the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks relocated the Romanovs to  Ekaterinburg  in the Ural Mountains in April 1918, ostensibly to await a public trial. Many opposed the Bolsheviks being in power; thus, a civil war erupted between the Communist Reds and their opponents, the anti-Communist Whites. These two groups fought for control of the country, as well as for custody of the Romanovs. When the White Army began to gain ground in its battle with the Bolsheviks and headed toward  Ekaterinburg  to rescue the imperial family, the Bolsheviks made sure that rescue would never take place. Death Nicholas, his wife, and his five children were all awakened at 2 a.m. on July 17,  1918, and told to prepare for departure. They were gathered into a small room, where  Bolshevik soldiers fired upon them. Nicholas and his wife were killed outright, but the others were not so fortunate. Soldiers used bayonets to carry out the remainder of the executions. The corpses were buried at two separate sites and were burned and covered with acid to prevent them from being identified. In 1991, the remains of nine bodies were excavated at  Ekaterinburg. Subsequent DNA testing confirmed them to be those of Nicholas, Alexandra, three of their daughters, and four of their servants. The second grave, containing the remains of Alexei and his sister Marie, was not discovered until 2007. The Romanov familys remains were reburied at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, the traditional burial place of the Romanovs. Legacy It might be said that the Russian Revolution and the events that followed were, in a sense, the legacy of Nicholas II—a leader who was unable to respond to changing times by considering the needs of his people. Over the years, research into the final fate of the Romanov family has revealed a mystery: while the bodies of the Czar, Czarina, and several children were found, two bodies—those of the Alexei, heir to the throne, and Grand Duchess Anastasia—were missing. This suggests that perhaps, somehow, two of the Romanov children actually survived. Sources Figes, Orlando. From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russias Chaotic Year of Revolution. October 25, 2017. â€Å"Historic Figures: Nicholas II (1868-1918).† BBC News.ï » ¿Keep, John L.H. â€Å"Nicholas II.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 28 Jan. 2019.

Gender Inequality To What Extent Does It Still Exist Today

Gender Inequality: To What Extent Does it Still Exist Today? Throughout history, womens roles in society have been different than those of mens. Women’s jobs were generally connected to their traditional roles of caring for the home, raising children, making clothes, and cooking food, while men were the breadwinners in the families. Women had been brought up to become mothers (as well as nurturers) while men were brought up to become entrepreneurs and businessmen. It was not until the 1950s that women began to protest and fight for equal rights. Since then, many have claimed that the disparities between women and men have drastically decreased, almost to the point that it is minimalistic. However, in todays society, although we would†¦show more content†¦George merely responds by saying, You look pretty darn nice (Hemingway 695). She does not try to argue about it, further implying that she feels inferior, and that George has control over her. 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Cultural Analysis For Business in Country- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCultural Analysis For Business in Country. Answer: Culture can be defined as the set of learned behaviors as well as beliefs that mainly characterizes a group of people or a society. Anthropologists mainly divide culture in three different levels like the international culture, national culture as well as subculture. However, another sublevel of culture has high significance in every corporate and professional business environment. This is called the corporate culture (Jiang, Gollan and Brooks 2017). This is mainly seen to refer to the different beliefs as well as behaviors that participate in determining the procedures about how employees and management interact in the office environment and handle outside business transactions. Researchers are of the opinion that corporate culture gradually develops organically over time from the variety of the cumulative traits of the people hired by the company (Kwek and Lee 2015). This assignment will help to show how Mary (the individual in the case study) will utilize the Hofstede analysis and will learn about the corporate culture of Chinese firms so that she can conduct effective business. In order to conduct effective business, Mary, who is acquainted with the Australian culture of business and management, needs to develop cultural knowledge about the different attributes of corporate culture in China. She needs to take the help of Hofstede theory by which she can develop good amount of knowledge of the culture of business in Mr. Laus organization and engage into effective partnership. The first important component that an individual should first focus is the power distance. This can be defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of the institutions and organizations within a particular nation expect as well as accept the fact that power is distributed unequally. Australia has a very low score of power distance like 36 which signifies that the leaders of Australian organizations encourage development of hierarchy for convenience where the seniors are always accessible and approachable. Managers have huge dependency on the subordinates and both the stakeholders engage in transparent conversations where information is shared and consulted frequently and actively (Manrai et al. 2018). Here, communication is found to be direct, participative as well as informal. China, in this attribute score about 80 where the society believes that inequalities are acceptable in people and subordinates do not aspire beyond their rank. The relationship between the leaders and followers are polarized and subordinates are influenced by formal authority and are accepting of the fact (Hong et al. 2018). While working with the new people in the Chinese organization, she should be respectable of the relationships shared by the seniors and juniors regarding power distance and should not try to be over friendly or too informal with staffs. This may not be liked by the organization. She should maintain a power distance with the subordinates so that the workers do not suffer from cultural shock and get confused or perceive her in negative ways. The second important fact is individualism. This dimension mainly explains the degree of interdependence that a society is observed to maintain among the members. In societies which are individualist, the professionals are mainly seen to be looking after their own self or their families. However, in the collectivist society, people are seen to be belonging to group systems where individuals take care of each other in exchange of loyalty. Australians are found to be quite high in this attribute scoring a total around 90. In this corporate culture, employees are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative. Hiring is entirely based on merit and evidence about how one performs or the qualities he has. However, the score of china in this attribute is quite low for about 20 where people act for the interest of the groups (Alexander, Thompson and Murray 2017). Relationships are seen to be cooperative for the in-groups but they display hostile behavior with the out groups. Personal re lationships are given importance over task as well as company (Armstrong et al. 2017). For example, while Mary will be conducting the cross-cultural business, she should try to understand the culture, promote, and respect group working providing importance and sharing information with the whole, group rather than taking an individualistic approach. The next attribute is the masculinity attribute. This attribute mainly refers to the focus developed by the corporate culture that mainly tends to motivate people in two ways wanting to be the winner and develop as the best called the masculinity and liking what the employees do that is called the feminine trait. On the level of masculinity attribute, a high level of score is seen to indicate an interesting feature. This states that society is driven by the achievement, competition as well as success. Here the term success mainly means being the best or the winner in the field. A low score on this attribute means high on femininity where the main dominant and guiding values of the society is quite different. This is seen to involve caring for the others and maintaining a high quality life (Hung and Rundle-Thile 2014). Australia is seen to score 60 on Masculinity that states that they are proud of their success and achievements in life. China is also seen to have a value of 66 that s tates that Chinese corporate culture is also driven by success where they are even ready to sacrifice their family and leisure. Therefore, this attribute should be kept in mind and therefore, Mary would develop a working culture that should be competitive and gives scopes to the workers to show their skills. Another important attribute is called the uncertainty avoidance which mainly describes the extent to which members of any organization or a culture can be exposed to the feeling of being threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and thereby beliefs on institutions which try to avoid this (Choudhary, Kumar and Phillip 2016). The nation of Australia scores a moderate rank of about 51 which provides them a scope to prepare themselves for future uncertainties but may not be very well adapted and through about the procedures for uncertainty avoidance. The score of the Chinese nation is quite low for about 30. They are quite comfortable with ambiguity and there adherence to laws and rules unlike the westerners are quite flexible to suit with the actual situation and pragmatism. Another important aspect of this analysis is the long-term orientation. This dimension mainly helps to describe how each and every society are successful in maintaining some links with their own past so that they can properly deal with the challenges of the present and even the future. Researchers are of the opinion that corporate societies that tend to score low in this attribute mainly prefer the maintenance of the time-honored traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion (Sharma et al. 2017). Those who score high on this attribute are mainly seen to take a more pragmatic approach where they encourage different types of thrifts as well as efforts in the modern education to reflect a way of preparing oneself for the future. People of the Australian origin are more normative in thinking procedures as the nation scores 21 in this attribute. They tend to be exhibiting strong respect and support for traditions and shows small propensity for saving for the future (Vo gel et al. 2015). They focus on achieving quick results. On the other hand, china is seen to score about 87 in this attribute that makes it evident that the nation is a believer of pragmatic orientation where people are shown to adapt to the traditions easily to changed situations. They can adopt quite easily and are believers of saving and investment, thriftiness and shows perseverance in achievements of the results (Mar et al. 2015). Therefore, Mary should not focus on traditions much, should provide them scope to adapt themselves with the situations, and should not force them to achieve results, as they believe in perseverance for providing the best outcomes. The next attribute is called the indulgence. This attribute mainly describes the extent to which people are seen to try their best for controlling the desires as well as the impulses depending upon which the individuals were raised. Usually, the strong control is called indulgence and strong control is called restraints. Australia is seen to have a high score for about 71 and is therefore seen to be indulgent is nature. They are generally seen to be exhibiting a willingness to realize the various types of impulses as well as desires in regards with that of enjoying lives and having fun (Lo et al. 2017). They are seen to display a very positive attitude as well as also having a tendency towards optimism. They are also seen to provide much importance on leisure activities and thereby act as they please and spend money as they wish. On the other hand, china is seen to score for about 24 that show that they are not much aligned to leisure activities. They are more restrained where they f eel that are bound by social norms and feels that indulging them in other co curricular activities would be wrong. They are also seen to control gratification of their desires (Wang et al. 2017). Therefore, when Mary would be deciding the working styles or would be coming into partnership with this organization she should be not considering any activities for leisure or would not need to consider about engaging them in any activities for leisure. The Chinese people are more restrained. They may not like this gesture shown by Mary. From the above discussion, Mary can successfully develop ideas about the differences and variations of the corporate culture she needs to consider when coming into partnership or in any cross-cultural business deals with the Chinese organization of Mr.Lau. She should consider the six important attributes like power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence, masculinity, individualism and long-term orientation between the two nations. These would help her in ensuring cultural sensitivity while interacting with the people from other culture and would put away situations of cultural shock. This would ensure success of her business plans. References: Alexander, R., Thompson, N. and Murray, D., 2017. Towards cultural translation of websites: a large-scale study of Australian, Chinese, and Saudi Arabian design preferences.Behaviour Information Technology,36(4), pp.351-363. Armstrong, A.F., Francis, R.D. and Grow, H.S., 2017. Ethical issues in the employment of expatriate leaders in corporations.Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, p.95. Choudhary, N., Kumar, R. and Philip, P.J., 2016. Effects of transformational leadership on follower's organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of culture.Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,9(7), pp.23-35. Hong, J., Hou, B., Zhu, K. and Marinova, D., 2018. Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation and employee creativity: The moderation of collectivism in Chinese context.Chinese Management Studies. Huang, Y.T. and Rundle-Thiele, S., 2014. The moderating effect of cultural congruence on the internal marketing practice and employee satisfaction relationship: An empirical examination of Australian and Taiwanese born tourism employees.Tourism Management,42, pp.196-206. Jiang, Z., Gollan, P.J. and Brooks, G., 2017. Relationships between organizational justice, organizational trust and organizational commitment: a cross-cultural study of China, South Korea and Australia.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,28(7), pp.973-1004. Kwek, A. and Lee, Y.S., 2015. How face matters: Chinese corporate tourists in Australia.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(1-2), pp.120-140. Lo, K.D., Waters, R.D. and Christensen, N., 2017. Assessing the applicability of Hofstedes cultural dimensions for Global 500 corporations Facebook profiles and content.Journal of Communication Management,21(1), pp.51-67. Manrai, L.A., Manrai, A.K., Lascu, D. and Friedeborn, S., 2018. Determinants and Effects of Cultural Context: A Review, Conceptual Model, and Propositions.Journal of Global Marketing, pp.1-16. Mar Miras?Rodrguez, M., Carrasco?Gallego, A. and Escobar?Prez, B., 2015. Are socially responsible behaviors paid off equally? A Cross?cultural analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(4), pp.237-256. Sharma, N., Boyle, B., Mitchell, R., Malik, A., Gray, S. and OMahony, B., 2017. Leveraging the common and outsourcing the distinct: institutional difference and multinational company identity in emerging economies.Social Identities, pp.1-18. Vogel, R.M., Mitchell, M.S., Tepper, B.J., Restubog, S.L., Hu, C., Hua, W. and Huang, J.C., 2015. A cross?cultural examination of subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(5), pp.720-745. Wang, R., Chan, D.K.S., Goh, Y.W., Penfold, M., Harper, T. and Weltewitz, T., 2017. Humor and workplace stress: a longitudinal comparison between Australian and Chinese employees.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources.